Reliability And Quality Of Reliability - 1294 Words

Reliability Reliability is the trait of being able to be trusted with a task and being able to rightfully carry out that task. Reliability goes hand in hand with responsibility and respect, as all qualities are part of trust and positive attributes of a relationship. Reliability can generate much strength between 2 people. Reliability promotes an understanding between two people. As a desirable trait, it makes it so people can make sure that the job can be done without worry. Reliability is very often wanted in a partnership, without it people experience worry, stress, or anxiety. Often as a social skill, this is beneficial in the working environment. It is likely for an employer to favor one that can get a job done, over one that is not trustworthy. It is not always just beneficial to other people, but also yourself. When you strengthen your skills of reliability, you yourself can make sure that jobs can get done, such as chores, assignments, or various other responsibilities. Communication Communication is the act of relaying information between two or more people. Communication is absolutely essential in a relationship. It produces an understanding of feelings and emotions between 2 people. With proper communication, many other skills can be more easily accomplished. When communicating, people can know can gain more knowledge and incite about subjects. For example, one person may be in possession of a greater amount of information through experience, instead of anotherShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Quality And Reliability Of Articles From Other Sources1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Sources The purpose of this paper is to summarize and analyze the quality and reliability of articles from certain sources. The articles are about injuries in nursing, and ways to prevent them. The method was to find two sources that seemed questionable and two that seemed reliable, briefly discuss the topics and summarize the articles, and then analyze them. I have found that although two of the sources seemed questionable and two of them seemed reliable, three of the sources are actuallyRead MoreGsm Based Reliability Assessment And Service Quality Improvement2282 Words   |  10 PagesGSM Based Reliability Assessment and Service Quality Improvement Measures in Electricity Distribution Network. Abstract Reliability of any power network is an important index of assessing the network’s performance. Apartfrom poor generation and inadequate supply associated with Nigerian power sector; the problems of monitoring and reducing interruption still persist. The ability to monitor and respond quickly to faults within the system will go a long way in improving reliability and power qualityRead MoreReliability And Validity Of A Range Of Tests For Quality Assurance Of Hardware Networks And Software2007 Words   |  9 PagesRESEARCH ON RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A RANGE OF TESTS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE OF HARDWARE NETWORKS AND SOFTWARE. ABSTRACT: This report ia mainly cinsist of the research on Reliability and validity of the range of the tests for quality assurance of Hardware, Networks and Software. We will going to discuss about all the testing of software and hardware network models in this report which helps in finding the realiability and validity of the same. Discuss about the quality assurance andRead MoreEssay on Business Research for Decision Making1696 Words   |  7 Pagesshould also predict new business trends and thus develop products and services as needed. The reliability and validity of the research, and thus the quality of the business decisions is heavily dependent on the human skills as well as the machines that are used in carrying out business research work. The success of any business activity, and thus the entire business is highly dependent on the reliability and the validity of the research being undertaken. Decision making is a crucial process in theRead MoreSoftware Reliability Of Software Standards1116 Words   |  5 PagesSoftware reliability is dynamic stochastic. Unlike hardware, software does not age, wear out or rust, unreliability of software is mainly due to bugs or design faults in the software. The exact value of product reliability is never precisely known at any point in its lifetime. The study of software reliability can be categorized into three parts: Modeling, Measurement improvement. Many Models exist, but no single model can capture a necessary amount of software characteristics. Software reliabilityRead MoreDefinition Of Quality And Quality911 Words   |  4 Pagesterm quality is applied to manufactured products or service to meet the required standard in order to please customer needs. Most industries set t his standard to adjust in order to meet better benefit both, industry and customer. Definitions of Quality Around society, there are many ways to define what quality is. The most common definitions for quality are below. All of them in some way or the other are right, as there is no right definition but they each have a key element of what quality meansRead MoreEstablishing Reliability and Validity Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesEstablishing Reliability and Validity In conducting a research or survey, the quality of the data collected in the research is of utmost importance. One’s assessment may be reliable and not valid and thus this is why it is important that when designing a survey, one should also come up with the methods of testing the reliability and validity of the assessment tools. For MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) to conduct a survey, the questions they propose to use must pass the validity and reliability testRead MoreHe Reward and Recognition Process in Total Quality Management1651 Words   |  7 Pages2013 (http://www.thescipub.com/ajas.toc) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CONTRACTORS COMPETITIVENESS 1 Faihan Alotaibi, 1Rushami Zien Yusoff and 2Rabiul Islam School of Business Management, School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, 06010, Kedah, Malaysia 2 1 Received 2013-04-05, Revised 2013-04-15; Accepted 2013-04-17 ABSTRACT Total quality management is basically about continuous organizational success throughRead MoreService Quality and Client Satisfaction: Cases of Multiple Providers of Agricultural Extension Service in Bangladesh763 Words   |  4 Pagesmaintained a conspicuous place in the research agenda (Allen Rao, 2000). Quality is the core strategy that organizations execute to bring better values to customers for gaining a competitive advantage. Quality is conformance to requirements (Crosby, 1979). However Juran et al. (1974) see quality as fitness for use while according to Kanji (1990) quality is satisfying the customer’s requirement continually. Service quality is the ability of the organization to meet or exceed customer expectationsRead MoreThe World Health Organization Quality Of Life Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesWHOQOL-SRPB The World Health Organization Quality of Life, (WHOQOL) assessment instrument is a 100 question Likert scale, which assesses an individual s quality of life in seven domains. These seven domains and 24 subdomains ask quality of life questions in the following subject matter: physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environmental, spiritual beliefs, and overall health (2016). These questions respond to the definition of Quality of Life as an individual s perception

PTLLS Unit 2 - 1707 Words

1.1 Summarise learning and teaching strategies used in own specialism All the teaching I have carried out recently is in relation to people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour. Some is classroom based, such as Risk and Conflict Management, Autism and behaviour interventions relating to an individual service user. I also used to teach PRICE (Protecting Rights In a Caring Environment). This is a physical intervention course which is practical and physical with no desks; therefore the teaching and learning strategies are different for this course. It tends to use a style more like EDIP (Explain, Demonstrate, Imitate and Practice). Allen’s (1919) four-step method, as cited in Gravells (2012, p.95) describes that it starts†¦show more content†¦I will need to include learners in agreeing their individual learning plan so ensure it meets their needs. Ensuring the learners help write the ground rules will ensure everyone feels included. Also using an ice breaker assists learners to feel part of a group. I will need to consider the resources I use to ensure they meet the needs of the learners. It will be important to use a wide variety of resources when I am teaching, the main reasons for this is to accommodate different learning styles but also to help learner stimulation and interaction. Part of inclusive learning is for me to be approachable and accessible, so the students feel comfortable to talk to me. 2.2 Explain how to select resources that meet the needs of learners Resources need to be appropriate for the learning outcomes and suitable for the learner’s needs or to be able to adapt it. A tutor also needs to consider if a resource is at the correct level of ability. Resources also need to be current and credible and of high quality. Tutors also need to consider their own ability to use the equipment and there may be budgetary constraints to consider. All resources need to meet the session objectives. If we consider the resource of YouTube videos within PowerPoint, some advantages to its use are:- †¢ It has a visual impact †¢ There is a wide range and choice †¢ It can be up to date †¢ It is easily remembered by many learners †¢ It is accessible However,Show MoreRelatedPTLLS Overview1077 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) at Level 4. Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) at Level 4 Total credit value (at Level 4) 12 Total GLH 4 x units (each @ 12 GLHs) = 48 Units being run and assessed: Group Unit title Level Credit value GLH A Roles and responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning 4 3 12 Learning outcomes: The learner will Assessment Criteria: The learner can 1. Understand own role and responsibilities in lifelong learningRead MoreEducation and Lifelong Learning1329 Words   |  6 PagesCity and Guilds 6302 Award in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector Unit 001 Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Assessment Task 1 By Contents Task 1 Assignment Page 3 References Page 7 1. Understand own role and responsibilities in the lifelong learning. (1.1) Having been requested to produce a brief on my roles in teaching and professional values whist teaching in this role. I have to deal with variety of personnelRead MoreUnderstanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning811 Words   |  4 PagesForm 2 Assessment front sheet and feedback record PTLLS Level 3/4 Unit No: | | Learner name: | | Enrolment number: | | Date issued: | | Date submitted: | | I confirm that the evidence for this unit is authentic and a true representation of my own work. Learner signature: | | Date: | | Feedback: Continue on a separate sheet if necessary, see overleaf Tutor/Assessor/Marker and IQA’s signatures (IQA if sampled) must appear on the following page. Read MoreDtlls Unit 3 Delivering Lifelong Learning – Level 3 Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 3 Delivering Lifelong Learning – Level 3 Assessment Criteria Units – 1.1 – 1.3, 2.1 – 2.2, 3.1-3.2, 4.1-4.2 amp; 5.1-5.3 Assignment 1 Research and produce a checklist and evaluate your current learning and teaching environment in relation to it for – a) Inclusive learning good practice b) Opportunities for learners to practise Literacy, Numeracy and ICT skills. Inclusive Learning Inclusive learning is as Wilson (2009) states is â€Å"about creating interesting, varied and inspiringRead MoreEnabling Learning and Assessment Essay2590 Words   |  11 Pagescompleted in a much smaller scale throughout the year in the form of portfolio evidence. The course that I teach is a yearlong course for level 1 students wanting to be in the public services (police, royal marines etc). The entire course consists of 7 units which range from map reading to team building and physical fitness. The evidence that we use in these portfolios is also varied including witness statements, photographic evidence and short answer questions on worksheets. Due to the varied methodsRead MorePlanning and Enabling Learning Dtlls Essay2011 Words   |  9 PagesDTLLS Unit 002 Planning and Enabling Learning Assignment 2.1 Theory John Smith Contents Page Methodology of Research and Introduction 3 Findings for points A to D 4 Prà ©cis of findings for points A to D 12 Bibliography 14 Methodology of research This report will look at the following points: A. Negotiating with learners, e.g. initial assessment, agreeing goals and actions. B. Inclusive learning, e.g. the use of different deliveryRead MoreResponsibilities And Responsibilities Of A Lifelong Learning2594 Words   |  11 Pagesresponsibilities in lifelong learning sector is - we should always follow the relevant code of practice, key aspect of legislation regulatory requirements. We should provide the resources and equipment those requirements of teaching professions. The aim of this unit is to develop our understanding of the roles and responsibilities of a teacher in lifelong learning and the relationship between different professionals in lifelong learning. It includes responsibility for maintaining a safe and supportive learningRead MoreUnderstanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning3108 Words   |  13 Pages* Form 2 Assessment front sheet and feedback record PTLLS Level 3 This form is mandatory Theory Assessment No: | Unit 002 – Understanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning | Learner name: | Jessica Bell | Enrolment number: | | Date issued: | 23/10/2012 | Date submitted : | 06/11/2012 | I confirm that the evidence for this unit is authentic and a true representation of my own work. Learner Signature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read MoreLevel 4 Award in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (Ptlls - City Guilds 6302)4915 Words   |  20 Pages[pic] Level 4 Award in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS - City Guilds 6302) [pic] 5th – 7th September 2012 10th ,12th and 13th December 2012 18th – 20th March 2013 [pic] Assignment 1: Unit 008 (level 4) [pic] Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning Brief for Assignment 1: unit 008 (level 4): Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning Use the poster template to write an overview ofRead MoreArinze Nwagwu Essay3828 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿ DTLLS UNIT 7 Assignment 1 2 Curriculum Development for Inclusive Practice ARINZE NWAGWU Content Pages The contexts in which education and training are provided 3 - 6 In the lifelong learning sector Theories, Principles and Models of Curriculum Design on Inclusive learning and 7- 11 Teaching in our learning environment. References 12 1. Understand contexts in which education and

Education system Free Essays

string(146) " oversee foreign instructors from Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon who were the innovators of the secondary instruction plan in Kuwait\." Introduction Extant literature proposes that there are several differences between private and public schools in term of administration, installations and even the course of study. These surveies do nevertheless enter both the similarities and differences of these establishments every bit good as the controversial facets of these establishments ‘ constructions. Like other states of the universe, Kuwait has besides assorted factors that affect the running of public and private schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Education system or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this context, it is true that many several pupils experience and see the difference that exists between private and public schools. The general consensus nevertheless is that private schools are better as compared to the public schools as postulated by Hannaway ( 1991 ) when he argued that † private schools perform better due to greater school degree liberty and their reactivity to the demands of pupils and parents. † Public schools have ever paid for higher instruction plans out of general public revenue enhancement. This has prompted several pupils to pay small or no tuition fees at all and has besides enabled figure of admittances in the public schools as compared to the small or instead fewer admittance in the more expensive private establishments. Most pupils have been able to derive entree to public establishments for higher instruction through selective tests plans ; this is chiefly in an attempt to hold of quality instruction and better public presentation in these schools which normally enjoy equal authorities support. Due to the difference in pupils abilities and competition in public schools, pupils with low ability have a pick of increasing their instruction degree or being uneducated depending on their fiscal capablenesss. This merely means that a pupil with a low ability can every bit be enrolled in a private school but after paying full tuition money which is ever really expensive. On the other manus, a pupil with low ability and lacks adequate fundss remains uneducated. But surveies have shown that there is an increasing demand for public schools due to high demand of higher quality instruction coupled with high degree of pupils ‘ competition for the authorities funded learning chances. Overview of the Kuwaiti Education system The Kuwaiti instruction system in the early twentieth century comprised of really basic instruction that was delivered through really few Koranic schools with support from the assorted affluent Kuwaiti citizens. The Koranic schools chief taught the pupils how to read write and work out. The initial measure towards the modern instruction system began in 1921.Thse schools chiefly concentrated on the instruction of commercialism and mathematics. It was later on that that composing accomplishments were introduced. In 1967, it became necessary to compulsory to inscribe pupils or instead school traveling kids to primary schools ( Kjeilen,2009 ) . The Kuwaiti authorities dedicated a really big amount of money in support of its educational system. The authorities besides has made attempts to device plans that aid in bettering the entry of the Kuwaiti adult females from instruction establishments to their professional work life.A considerable per centum of the Kuwaiti instruction is made up of private schools with approximately 40 % being in the kindergartens and secondary class. The private schools are chiefly financed by aliens while the tuition fees and other subsidies are derived from authorities support. In a nutshell, the Kuwaiti instruction system ranks really high and attending is unfastened to both sexes. The Kuwaiti instruction is besides mandatory and free for all the Kuwaiti citizens. Social alterations in Kuwait have quickly sped up since the oil roar that started in 1950 ‘s. Right before the super richness which was caused by oil, Kuwait as a state was one of the poorest provinces both technologically and economically ; the people from Kuwait majorly lived and survived on activities such as trading, crowding, pearling and fishing. The decennaries following the development in Kuwait after 1950 ‘s attracted many immigrants particularly those from poorer provinces that include Arabs from the Middle East who wanted to be portion of Kuwait by Citizenship. As clip accelerated to a different Kuwaiti epoch, more and more developments were established as the native Kuwaitis led much comfy lives in urbanisation, therefore go forthing most of the labour work to the aliens who were more of labourers. Early instruction foundation was based on merely a few Quranic schools that provided majorly spiritual instructions and basic literacy in Arabic tuition at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the Middle East, Kuwait was one of the states that flagged the most sophisticated, generous, and comprehensive educational substructures that enabled a much extended instruction boosting in the state. Al Mubarakiyya school was founded in the twelvemonth 1912 as one of the most profound and modern educational establishments in Kuwait through support by merchandisers to provide clerks who at least had the basic cognition in Fieldss of commercialism, missive authorship and arithmetic. This was subsequently followed by debut of other topics in the course of study like geographics, history and art. English classs were foremost stated in the twelvemonth 1921 by Al Ahmadia School and shortly followed by the first misss ‘ school which was founded and established to offer instructions in pla ce economic sciences, Islamic surveies and Arabic. In the 1930 ‘s, the modern period of constitution of educational installations was initiated and on traveling ; this was after the pearling based desolation of the Kuwaiti ‘s economic system. In the twelvemonth 1935, public instruction was established after the instruction system was partially adopted for control by the Kuwaiti province. This chapter initiated the starting of new schools, directing of Kuwaiti pupils abroad for higher acquisition and besides initiation of an instruction mission by Palestine instructors. Among the schools which were founded, three of those schools merged a sum of 600 male childs, while the other primary schools were established for misss and were able to suit a sum of 140 misss. A twelvemonth subsequently in 1936, a section of instruction was instituted in order to supervise the running of the public schools, oversee foreign instructors from Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon who were the innovators of the secondary instruction plan in Kuwait. You read "Education system" in category "Essay examples" By the twelvemonth 1945, a sum of 17 schools in the state were established. In the academic twelvemonth of 1954-1955, the first proficient school and the first kindergarten were established. This clearly shows the rapid acceleration of instruction installations in Kuwait since the twelvemonth 1950 ‘s. In the proficient college, the first twelvemonth saw adjustment of 80 pupils who were enrolled and an addition in figure classs which were bit by bit introduced as demand for more Fieldss of survey heightened. The educational developments continued pacing up as a new establishment for the blind was inaugurated in the twelvemonth 1956 with a sum of 36 students in registration records. This was non plenty since by the twelvemonth 1973, there were about 1,644 pupils who were identified to be in demand of particular installations for instruction. Some of these pupils include the blind, the deaf, and other disabled 1s. All these particular pupils were enrolled in 11 establishments which were specially designed for them in geting instruction as other normal pup ils. Adult instruction for adult females officially came underway in the twelvemonth 1963 ; this was a consequence of the bing similar plans for adult females though hibernating ( Meleis et al,1979 ) . This system saw uninterrupted registration of about 45,000 pupils of which 18,000 were misss. The instruction section of Kuwait was so officially inaugurated as the Education Ministry in the twelvemonth 1962. This constitution gave the instruction ministry full authorization to supervise and pull off all waies in instruction care and development over the decennaries. Kuwait ‘s province instruction has since progressed since the Kuwaiti subjects got involved in their instruction procedure twenty old ages back from the beginning of the millenary. This advancement made has been rather singular particularly in footings of exile to national ratio of instructors who were employed. In the twelvemonth 1982, there were 24,367 instructors in entire ; 6,478 instructors were Kuwaiti subjects. The academic twelvemonth of 1997-1998 saw sum of 27,359 instructors employed in public schools and an estimation of 10,000 instructors in private schools. Of the 27,359 instructors in public school, 17,357 instructors were Kuwaiti. The ratio of Kuwaiti instructors to deport 1s changed from about 1.7:1 from 1:3.76. The province of Kuwaiti managed to advance their instruction procedure by extensively increasing the figure of Kuwaiti instructors between the early 1880ss to the late 1890ss. The doubling of the Kuwaiti instructors between the 1880ss and the 1890ss has relieved the trust of foreign professional instructors in Kuwaiti schools. This was a great alteration but non good plenty since most of the Kuwaiti professional instructors were peculiarly in pattern at the lower degrees, largely the primary schools. The entry of male instructors in the profession besides saw many of them learning in primary schools. Kuwait ‘s transmutation into a modern state with singular instruction establishments has been so, thanks to the authorities ‘s early determination to administer the oil grosss to citizens through investing of instruction, societal public assistance, lodging and health care. The Kuwaiti instruction system is tailored to provide for the state ‘s demands. In their enterprise to guarantee that most of its citizens are educated, the Kuwaiti authorities has ensured that the instruction is provided free of charge. This has been the instance since 1966.In order to guarantee that the portion of national budget that is targeted towards the proviso of free instruction output good result in footings of raising the Kuwaiti Literacy degree, the authorities has made instruction to be compulsory for pupil aged 6-14. The Kuwaiti authorities has in its vision and committednesss the demand to supply its citizens with a stable and extremely educated human resource base. This is in an attempt to run into the societal challenges attributed to development challenges as outlined in their Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) .This is through the warrant of an instruction slot to each and every citizen who wishes to prosecute their instruction to whatever degree that they desire. It is rather apparent from the figure of schools entirely, the authorities ‘s committedness towards guaranting that the Kuwaiti population is decently educated. The general Kuwaiti instruction system is made up of simple, intermediate and secondary schooling systems. As of 1995, there were about 861 province and private establishments ( schools ) that fell into these classs. Once an person goes past these three basic degrees of instruction, they proceed to establishments of higher acquisition such as the Kuwait School and other educational centres where they learn assorted classs in assorted Fieldss of survey Cost of private schooling in Kuwait The private instruction in Kuwait makes a really important component of the Kuwaiti instruction system. There is a really strong authorities presence in the private schools in Kuwait. The private schools do inscribe about one tierce of kids at the simple level.The cost of private schooling in Kuwait was a preserve for the high income households merely before Kuwaiti was invaded by Saddam.This state of affairs has nevertheless changed and pupils from moderate and modest households besides do enroll in the private schools. This move is chiefly fueled by the sensed diminution in the quality of instruction in the public school system. Their chief attractive force is nevertheless pegged on the quality instruction that they desire for their kids. There is nevertheless state of affairss that necessitate the parents to return their kids to the public schooling system due to the addition in the school fees paid in the private schools in Kuwait. Some of these parents resort to this move despit e the handiness of loans to fund for their kids ‘s instruction ( Kuwaiti Times, 2007 ) Different pupils get enrolled in different schools majorly due to their degree of public presentations and their household income, this has ever been the inquiry asked largely and a major beginning of argument whether pupils in private schools are better than their opposite numbers in public schools. Several parents and defenders have developed the outlook that paying excess money for their childs ‘ instruction makes all the difference every bit far as quality and success in their kids ‘s instruction is concerned. With this sort of belief in being, more affluent parents or defenders prefer paying so as to procure good the hereafter of their kids in the private acquisition establishments. On the other manus, some parents, defenders, pupils and even college professors believe that instruction is by and large the same whether it is from a public establishment or a private 1. This depends on the attitude and mental readiness of the pupil towards their instruction and hereafte r. When comparing the public schools to the private 1s, it is rather obvious that the quality of instruction in private schools is much lower than those in public schools. This is chiefly reflected in the schemes used when viing for pupils. In public schools, there has ever been a scene of making which must be achieved by a pupil before being accepted for admittance ; this sort of admittance scene is designed to enable public schools act as monopolies whereby zero tuition fees for pupils with high abilities is initiated. When it comes to private schools, the manner of viing for pupils is non through the ability of a pupil but the fiscal capableness. This means low ability pupils can be admitted so long as they can pay for the private fee ; this has enabled many pupils to submit higher instruction, therefore boosts entire income in the economic system. Competition between private and public schools is determined by legion variables including exams taken every bit good as general monetary values in the establishments. An active function played by schools in puting the tests and the tuition fees determines the degree of quality of instruction provided. While public schools have ever maximized public excess. That is, the entire amount of pupils net incomes less the all the costs spent in supplying instruction, the private schools have ever aimed at maximising net incomes ; which is, all income generated by the pupils who have been admitted in the establishment less all the disbursals incurred in supplying instruction for the pupils in the schools. This clearly shows that private schools use monetary value as admittance policy so as to determine their sustainability in supplying better instruction, this is because money from pupils is fundamentally the lone support they use in running their establishments. Equally far as monetary value is concerned, there are fluctuations in pricing in different private schools depending on assorted factors of which educational quality is the most overriding. Thus the better the quality degree of a private school, the higher the tuition fees paid by the parents ( Tabora, 2008 ) . Students who attend public schools under public monopoly are fundamentally the same pupils who are admitted in these establishments under competition. These pupils have ever obtained similar quality in school in both instances. The being of private schools for higher has raised entire public assistance since pupils who have non been admitted in the public monopoly have been given a opportunity of fall ining the private schools and acquire educated. When detecting the market dividers in which both populace and private schools compete for pupils, there is a really alone equilibrium that exists in which the private schools are lower in quality than the public schools. Importance of schooling The construct of schooling was invented in order to authorise the human capital. Previous research on human capital has nevertheless been targeted on the quality and measure of returns that a individual obtains as a consequence of schooling. As advanced by Mincer in his outstanding and standard preparation, the sum of investing invested in a peculiar cause can be translated into assorted discernible differences that assorted from one person to the following ( Mincer, 1976 ) . Therefore, in instance the investing in an person ‘s instruction is considered to worsen on a additive graduated table, an all the sum of investing are considered to be forgone income, a really simple and direct correlativity can be derived between the net incomes and the old ages that an single spends while schooling. The application of the commonly available informations portrays that there is a characteristic that is high in all the schools allover the universe. Is really of import that the universe provide their citizens with the best degree of instruction. The importance of the human capital can non be overemphasized. This is because of the assorted additions that consequence of the gainful and discernible alterations that come with holding a population with a high literacy rate. Every state in the universe must hold its ain reliable and experient work force in order for it to win in its enterprises of being both crowned head and comfortable. This requires the single states to device their ain efficient and customized instruction system and course of study that would to the full take attention of its industrial and rational lacks. The investing in human capital hence really important for the success of every state. In certain instances nevertheless, it becomes important for certain sectors of a state ‘s economic system to necessitate specialist support from exiles. This is due to the fact that certain classs or instead instruction de mands are ne’er relevant or instead are ne’er to a great extent invested on in certain specialist countries of the economic system. Thus the demand for expatriate support in certain countries such as technology and other really proficient countries of the economic system. It is hence necessary for every authorities to be to a great extent involved in the instruction of its citizens. This is really applicable in about every state. There is nevertheless a generalizability that is used as an index of the function and importance of return fluctuation of schooling investing in different states across the Earth ( Psacharopoulos, 1994 ) . The exact function of authorities in instruction is nevertheless still capable to argument and is capable to assorted different positions. It is worthwhile to observe that a high returns on the schooling degree does non needfully connote that it is the function of authorities intercession that has subsequent resulted to the better academic output. However, in order to once and for all warrant the degree of authorities intercession, it is of import to take into history assorted parametric quantities that affect the educational outputs or instead result. For rather a long clip, the function of instruction to a given society h as been researched upon by assorted bookmans. The function of the authorities has been featured as one of the major determiners of the success in footings of schooling in the lives of the citizens. Kuwait for illustration has her authorities put in topographic point assorted mechanisms to guarantee that the citizens and aliens who attend its instruction system do acquire certain critical impressions and thoughts imparted upon them. Kuwait being a Muslim province, has most of its schooling demands tailored to run into the rigorous demands of the Muslim faith. In fact in earlier old ages, the regulations that govern schooling were really rigorous. The instruction of the miss kid for illustration was forbidden for a long clip. But subsequently on, partially due to the effects of Westernization, the instruction of the girl kid became recognized as one of the stairss toward a democratically balanced Kuwaiti society. The function of authorities intercession can nevertheless be justified u tilizing certain mechanisms such as market failure. Importance of resources handiness to the quality of instruction Several research workers have focused their attending to the of import function that is played by the handiness of resources to the success in the schooling procedure in assorted states. It is nevertheless really of import that the sum of resources that are devoted to the procedure of geting proper instruction can non be straight tied to the result of the assorted schooling procedures. In Kuwait for illustration, the private schools that are in kernel tally and managed by aliens are better equipped as compared to the public schools. The analysis that focuses on the function of resources in the result of schooling procedure is nevertheless capable to a batch of treatments and argument. This is because of the multivariate nature of the schooling procedure. Despite the contentions that surround the analysis, there is nevertheless a considerable sum of grounds that supports that fact that a positive correlativity exists. This is based on the minority of scholarly work that exposes a sign ificant and positive correlativity ( Schneider, 2002 ) . Other surveies nevertheless, are focused on the simple relationship between the resources and the result of the schooling procedure. In these surveies, a simple correlativity is devised in order to associate the causal factors and the results of the schooling procedure. The relationships that have been derived do non nevertheless have a systematic reappraisal but the causal factors do hold a certain degree of support in the reappraisal procedure. A proxy relationship can nevertheless be once and for all be justified as appropriate. The being of this stronger relationship that exists between the resources and other causal factors may be applicable. Factors such as the sum of wealth in a pupil ‘s household background may to a big extent be an influence and a major subscriber to the degree of pupil ‘s public presentation as a consequence of a dedication and proviso of more resources into the schooling of the pupil. The growing puting nevertheless, has no direct placeholder r elationship. In certain cases, hapless placeholders have nevertheless been assigned to the procedure of acquiring a correlativity between the sum of resources and the result of schooling ( Hanushek A ; Kimko, 2000 ) . International schooling policies have been supported enormously and are now deriving increased income. Numerous arguments have been carried out and the statements have supported intercessions by the authorities based on spillovers which are as a consequence of the growing procedure in instruction. This is why the general endogenous growing theoretical account has clearly shown that instruction degree in an economic system influences the growing of a state. That is, if the instruction degree of an economic system is low, the growing of that peculiar state will decidedly drag unlike if the instruction degree is was higher. The construction of the endogenous development theoretical account brings in a spillover that people will non take into consideration their ain determination devising procedure. Empirical work carried out has underscored the virtues of schooling measure in these peculiar topographic points. The relationship between single net incomes and schooling have shown the most consistent and strongest support in instruction public presentation ; when an single utilizations ain money to finance schooling, the earnestness becomes utmost to the extent that exam public presentation of that person turns out to be rather delighting. While establishing trust on grounds that is limited, there has been rather promising support that exists on the importance of instruction and schooling in relation to effects of growing every bit good as the distribution of net incomes ( Gregorio, 1999 ) The economic effects as a consequence of differences in educational quality of secondary and simple schools are non good comprehended as the effects of measure, particularly in relation to the aggregative public presentation the state ‘s economic system. This hapless apprehension of the deductions of quality in instruction makes it hard to reflect measuring. It is really hard to exactly specify the quality of instruction since the term quality reflects the extent of an establishments knowledge base every bit good as the analytical accomplishments employed as the focal points of larning establishments. To decently construct the base of this treatment, this survey will trust on informations sourced from standardised tests of accomplishments in faculty members and pupil ‘s ability in instruction. Re lying on this information from standardised trials to reflect quality steps is controversial in a manner that there are spreads available in grounds and besides the emanated deci sions follow ( as stated below ) . All in all, these steps prove to be the most effectual indexs available of quality and have a relationship with the consequences that we positively satisfy us. Numerous research surveies have been carried out and documented in the field of labour markets which straight focus on personal differences when it comes to cognitive ability and effects in net incomes ( every bit good as modify the estimations of returns in footings of quality ) . 4. The latest direct research survey of cognitive accomplishment have recorded significant returns in the labour market has measured single fluctuations when it comes to cognitive accomplishment. For illustration, O’Neill ( 1990 ) , Murnane, Willett, and Levy ( 1995 ) , Bishop ( 1989, 1991 ) , Neal and Johnson ( 1996 ) , Currie and Thomas ( 2000 ) , Grogger and Eide ( 1993 ) , and Murnane et Al. ( 2000 ) each conclude that the net incomes advantages are rather significant when standardized trial are extremely achieved. These decisions have been extracted from assorted attacks. Bishop ( 1989 ) is much concerned about the mistakes that result in the most testing environments and stress on extreme attention when covering with that job since it has really dramatic effects on the estimated importance of the trial fluctuations. On the other manus, Grogger and Eide ( 1993 ) , O’Neill ( 1990 ) , Neal and Johnson ( 1996 ) , and Bishop ( 1991 ) have greatly put their trust on the latest labour market information every bit good as representative sampling which suggests that net incomes advantage to measured fluctuations in accomplishment is much greater than those of the earlier times and earlier research surveies ( even when dependability of the trial is non corrected. In Kuwait, merely like in other quickly-developing instruction systems, one chief sphere of involvement is guaranting that the quality of instruction that is offered by both private and public suppliers is up to criterions needed. This paper elaborates by manner of a thorough reappraisal the history of development of Kuwaiti instruction system since its induction. It considers several quality systems that are presently employed in other states in the Gulf States so as to place the effects of the instruction systems both private and public on the attitudes of the pupils towards schooling. Two chief consequences emerge from the present analysis. The first suggests that there are no important effects from category attending. The 2nd indicates that smaller categories do non interpret into additions in accomplishment. Other consequences include the deficiency of important equal effects and grounds of variableness in learning effects, which is, nevertheless ; besides non important. These findings need to be interpreted carefully. For case, the consequence of no attending effects may non needfully bespeak that attending does non count per Se: on the contrary, it can alternatively be the instance that attending does count but that the pupils in our informations take optimally how many categories to go to, so that fringy fluctuation around that attending degree does non interpret into any additions in footings of accomplishment. The mentality of the twenty-first century Kuwaiti instruction The Gulf States have undergone a figure of serious challenges both on their economic and political being. These legion challenges have been brought about by the prosperity and accelerated growing every bit good as the heightened degrees in societal services. There tends to be some kind of misrepresentation in some certain degrees when one looks at the external wealth and modernness of some of these Gulf States. For illustration, it is true that Kuwait as a state is in ownership of 9.5 % of the proved oil militias in the universe ( out of a combination of 64.9 % of all Gulf States ) and many of the Kuwaitis are really rich people thanks to their oil rich state. While this is so, the oil grosss in Kuwait are really modest when comparings are made to the gross domestic merchandise of the developed states of the universe. The fluctuating monetary values of oil have greatly influenced the dependability of development every bit good as long term planning ; this is so particularly when the monetary value per every barrel remains low on the universe market like it was in the 1880ss and the 1890ss. Harmonizing to dependable beginnings, surveies have shown that the low oil monetary values in 1980 ‘s was the cause of shortage budget operation by the Gulf States ; which was hardly the size of Switzerland ‘s GDP if they were combined i.e. ( U.A.E, Kuwait, Oman, Iran, Bahrain, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar ) . The Gulf States wealth semblance is as a consequence of control of the oil militias by merely a manus full of people who easy entree the universe markets through exports in ships ; this clearly explains the long spread between the rich and the hapless ; which is bad for the economic system. These Gulf States have had to cover with the grapnels that affect their budgetary uncertainnesss in the oil markets. Some of these jobs are public sector laterality, seeable and concealed unemployment, hapless grosss for the immense populations, laterality of foreign workers among, and besides hapless engagement in the determination doing procedure with the exclusion of Kuwait which has an elected organic structure that represents it. The nucleus characteristic of this analysis, nevertheless, is how the quality of schooling influences the national and economic growing. It is obvious that schools ( no affair their geographical locations ) have legion fluctuations every bit far as cognition and general quality is concerned. These differences are ever really hard to cover with since the deductions for groking the nucleus issues are emphasized in this survey. Bibliography Bishop, John. ( 1989 ) . Is the trial mark diminution responsible for the productiveness growing diminution? American Economic Review 79, no.1:178-197. Gregorio, J ( 1999 ) . Education and Income Distribution: New Evidence from Cross-country Data Grogger, J, A ; Eric, E. ( 1993 ) . Changes in college accomplishments and the rise in the college pay premium. Journal of Human Resources 30, no.2 ( Jumping ) :280-310. Hannaway, J. ( 1991 ) . The organisation and direction of public and Catholic schools: Looking inside the black box. International Journal of Educational Research, 15:463-481. Hanushek, E.A. ( 1986 ) . The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools, Journal of Economic Literature 49 ( 3 ) , pp. 1141-1177. Kjeilen, T ( 2009 ) .Kuwaiti lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //lexicorient.com/e.o/kuwait.education.htm gt ; Kuwaiti Times ( 2007 ) . Private school fees ‘heavy load ‘ . Published: April 15, 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php? newsid=OTA0MjIxODQ3 Meleis, A, El-Sanabary, N A ; Beeson, D ( 1979 ) . Women, Modernization, and Education in Kuwait Comparative Education Review, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( Feb. , 1979 ) , pp. 115-124 Mincer, Jacob. ( 1970 ) . â€Å" The distribution of labour incomes: a study with particular mention to the human capital attack. † Journal of Economic Literature 8, no.1 ( March ) :1-26. Murnane, Richard J. , John B. Willett, Yves Duhaldeborde, and John H. Tyler. ( 2000 ) . â€Å" How of import are the cognitive accomplishments of adolescents in foretelling subsequent net incomes? † Journal of Policy Analysisand Management 19, no.4 ( Fall ) :547-568. Schneider, Mark. 2002. Make school installations affect academic results? Washington, D.C. : National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. Retrieved August 8, 2003, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.edfacilities.org/pubs/outcomes.pdf Tabora, J ( 2008 ) .Making Quality Higher Education More Accessible in the Philippines: Person Has To Pay the Price How to cite Education system, Essay examples

Commercial Law Against Aldi Supermarket

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law Against Aldi Supermarket. Answer: Issue Tamara was running towards her favorite chocolate but unfortunately she slipped on melted ice cream and she broke her neck. The issue in this case is whether she may successfully bring a claim of negligence against Aldi supermarket. Rule Negligence is the failure to do something that one is ordinary circumstances expected to reasonably do or it can also be an act that a reasonable person guided by normal considerations would not do (Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co, 1856). Lord Artkin remarked that one should make sure that his acts or omissions must not cause harm to the neighbor who is any person who is likely to be affected by the repercussions of ones acts or omissions (Donoghue v. Stevenson, 1932). In a claim of negligence there must be an existing duty of care owed to the claimant, the duty must be breached and because of the breach the claimant was injured (Grant v Australian Knitting Mills, 1936). To establish a duty of care the court must apply a three- stage test that was originally founded in Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990). The first test is whether the repercussions of the defendants acts or omissions were reasonably foreseeable in those circumstances. Second, the courts will seek to know whether a relationship of proximity existed (Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club, 1970). The court in Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990) held that a relationship of proximity did not exist. Lastly the court will seek to know whether a decision to impose a duty will be just, and fair. If the court finds that a duty care existed the next task is for the plaintiff to prove that the duty was infact breached. The court here will examine the standard expected and the general position is that that the standard should be that of an ordinary skilled man (Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee, 1957). To successfully show that the defendant breached the duty the court will investigate the degree of risk that was involved. The court will also seek to know whether the risk was known to the defendant (Haley v London Electricity Board, 1964). It has been held in Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951) that the court must find that the harm of injury suffered is a serious one. In proving the breach of duty the court will also seek to know whether any reasonable precautions had been taken to prevent the harm. To prove negligence the defendant must have failed to take any precautions (Latimer v AEC Ltd, 1952).It must be evidenced in court that the damage was caused by the de fendant breaching the duty of care. The claimant must apply the but for test to show that the injury could not have occurred but for the defendants breach of duty (Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital, 1968). When the claimant has proven the elements of negligence the defendant has the option of applying the following defenses; Contributory negligence The defense of contributory negligence is to the effect that the defendant can assert that the claimant did not pay heed to his safety and therefore he was harmed. In Froom v Butcher (1976) the defendants application of Contributory negligence as a defense succeeded and the court noted that plaintiff was also negligent because of an omission to tie a safety belt. Volentis non fit injuria The defendant may use this defense to claim that the claimant volunteered to be harmed. This is usually a very weak defense for the defendant. If a plaintiff successfully shows that the defendant was negligent the claimant will be entitled to the following remedies; Special Damages This kind or remedy is awarded for pure economic loss. The claimant will be entitled this remedy if he incurred medical bills and/or suffered a loss of income. General Damages This remedy is awarded to the claimant for non-economic losses such as pain, suffering and emotional distress. Application According to the neighbor principle enunciated by lord denning the customers who visit Aldi Supermarket are neighbors and within the meaning of Lord Artkins definition of a neighbor. It follows that Aldi Supermarket must put them in contemplation to and prevent any harm occurring to them since they are likely to be affected by the consequences of their acts or omissions. Aldi Supermarket has a duty of ace because the injury that Tamara has suffered was foreseeable. It is foreseeable that a customer will easily slip on melted ice cream if not wiped. Because Tamara was a customer to the supermarket it can be concluded that there was sufficient proximity in the relationship between Aldi supermarket which is the potential defendant and Tamara who is the potential claimant. There was a glaring risk that Tamara would slip on the melted ice cream and this risk was known to the management of the supermarket. Relying on the foregoing assertion it can be said that Aldi Supermarket was in breach of the duty of care. However, while proving damage Aldi Supermarket can argue that the frequently clean the melted ice cream after every forty minutes and thus they had taken reasonable precautions before the Tamara slip. This claim is unlikely to succeed because a rebutting argument can be that they ought to check it the spills more frequently than after mere forty minutes. Tamaras argument as the claimant may be that the skill exercised fell below that of an ordinary skilled person. Conversely, Aldi Supermarket may claim that the Tamarss injury would not have occurred even with the melted ice screams on the floor because she was running. Tamara was running on a slippery floor that she could easily slip if wet and the argument for Aldi Supermarket may be that she was reckless in taking care of her safety and hence claiming that she was contributory negligent. It is important to note that this defense has a higher chance of succeeding than the defense of Volentis non fit injuria. However, if Tamara successfully proves that Aldi Supermarket was negligent she will be entitled to special damages as a result of the medical expenses she may incur in treating her broken back. General damages will be awarded to her is she has suffered any shock, emotional distress and pain. Conclusion Considering the fact provided and the applicable law in the tort of negligence it is the conclusion that Aldi Supermarket has satisfied all the legal requirements for a successful claim against them. Tamara is, however, advised that the defense of contributory negligence is applied by Aldi Supermarket is likely to be successfully. References Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital (1968)3 All ER 1068 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Company (1856) 11 Ex Ch 781 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957) 1 WLR 582 Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932) UKHL 100 Froom v Butcher [1976] QB 286 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936) A.C. 562 Haley v London Electricity Board (1964) 3 WLR 479 Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club (1970) AC 1004 Latimer v AEC Ltd (1952) 2 All ER 449 Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951) 1 All ER 42

Moses Essays - Book Of Exodus, Moses, Exodus Gods And Kings, Bo

Moses Moses There have been many individuals who could be considered leaders, but some stand out among the others. An example of a superb leader is Moses. Moses is viewed as a righteous man in Gods eyes and is chosen to lead the Hebrews out of oppression in Egypt. Contained in the story of Exodus are many examples of Moses sacrifices and the hardships he endured while freeing the Hebrews. The faith of Moses was tested numerous times throughout the story, and, in some instances, it seemed that Moses had lost faith, however, being the righteous man that he was, he stuck it out until the end. Moses is a pillar of faith for surviving his tests and for being the perfect tool for Gods plans. The Old Testament, model of a great patriarch, is one who possesses faith coupled with voluntary obedience to Gods wishes and gratitude. These things combine to make up Gods standard of moral goodness. If the person obeys Gods laws and meets His standards, the individual may obtain happiness. The ultimate model of a great patriarch is Moses. The book of Exodus, begins with the Egyptians decision to oppress the Hebrews who lived in the land of Egypt for 400 years. (The descendants of Joseph and his brothers) Although Moses was born a Hebrew, Moses grew up in the Pharaohs court and the Hebrews were jealous of him. The Egyptians didnt trust him as well. This is one of the main reasons why Moses was such a great leader. He didnt really have any strong ties to either the Hebrews of the Egyptians. This is why he can be harsh and use force to make the people understand what God wants. He has the guts to order his own people to their death for freedom. Moses was willing to risk his life for his people and one day Moses saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew in the work-yard, and hastily killed the Egyptian with his bare hands. He then fled from Egypt to Midian, and found a wife with whom he had a son. Yet, Moses knew he would not settle down until he returned to Egypt to fulfill A Gods prophecy. Important to Moses development into a great leader was the time he was tending his father-in-laws flock up on the mountain of Horeb. Here, at the mountain of God, he came across a burning bush. Moses was amazed by the phenomenon and God spoke to him through this medium. Moses was commanded to go to the Pharaoh and request that the Hebrews be set free to worship their God. Now, Moses was not well liked by either the Egyptians or the Hebrews at the time, so he was in no position to tell anyone what to do. When Moses, through Aaron, proposes to the Pharaoh to let the Hebrews go free, the Pharaoh gets mad and just makes the workload for the Hebrews more demanding than it ever was before. This made the Pharaoh furious and the Hebrew labor force despised Moses for burdening them with more work. Moses was discouraged because the people he was commanded to free did not want to be freed, and, even if they did, Moses is the last person that they wanted to be freed by. As slaves, the Hebrews accept themselves to be powerless. At this point Moses had to be rather confused. He has no friends to turn to; all he has is a burning bush up on a mountain, and faith. On his conscience are the hardships of an entire people and a huge sense of failure. Moses returns to the bush and says to God, O Lord, why did You bring harm upon this people? Why did You send me? Ever since I came to Pharaoh to speak in Your name, he has dealt worse with this people, and still You have not delivered Your people (Exodus 5:22). This is an example of Moses doubt and confusion about his mission. God supplies Moses with many different tricks, and supernatural powers, yet the first few times Moses went ba ck to Pharaoh, his magicians could match Moses illusions. As a result, the Pharaoh thought nothing of it

Study, Learn, and Read

Study, Learn, and Read Study, Learn, and Read Study, Learn, and Read By Maeve Maddox Some ESL speakers have trouble with these verbs. To study is to apply the mind to the acquisition of knowledge. Books are the first avenue that comes to mind, but as the object of study is the acquisition of knowledge, other means include observation and experiment. Play is a form of study for children. Although the word learn is closely associated with study, the following sentences have completely different meanings: I am studying German. I am learning German. Many a student studies a subject in school without learning it. To read has several meanings. The most common is â€Å"to scan written or printed words and get meaning from them.† One noteworthy usage difference between British and American English is the use of read in reference to postsecondary education. In the U.S., students go to the university â€Å"to study history† or some other subject; in England, they go to university â€Å"to read history.† The idiom â€Å"to read up on† means â€Å"to study.† For example, â€Å"Before you travel to India, you may want to read up a little on the culture.† Idioms with read: to read between the lines: to draw conclusions not apparent from surface appearances. â€Å"She tells them that she cares for them, but when she turned down their last three dinner invitations, I could read between the lines.† read my lips! Ordinarily, this expression is used to emphasize a speaker’s sincerity and resolve: â€Å"Listen carefully!† â€Å"Pay close attention!† â€Å"Take my word for it!† In 1988, the phrase became closely associated with G. H. W. Bush, who said, â€Å"Read my lips: No new Taxes!† when accepting the presidential nomination. Because Bush did raise taxes during his presidency, political writers often use the phrase ironically. to read someone like a book: to understand a person’s character and thoughts by studying outward signs. to read a person’s mind: to guess what a person is thinking or intending to do. to read the Riot Act: The phrase originated in reference to an 18th century Act passed by the British Parliament following several serious riots. The Act authorized local officials to disperse any gathering of more than 12 people who were unlawfully, riotously, and tumultuously assembled together. An official would confront the group and read the part of the act that spelled out the consequences for refusing to obey. Nowadays the expression is used by adults in reference to noisy children: â€Å"Sounds like they’re getting pretty wild in there; you’d better go read them the Riot Act.† Idioms with learn: to learn by heart: to memorize learn by rote: to learn by means of repetition, the way one learns the alphabet, the multiplication tables, and scientific phyla. A learning curve is psychological jargon that has found a place in the general vocabulary. It means â€Å"the rate of a person’s progress in learning a new skill.† The expression derives from is a curve on a graph illustrating the rate of learning by a lab subject. Modern usage distinguishes between learn and teach, but in Shakespeare’s time, learn was used in the sense of â€Å"teach†: The red plague rid you for learning me your language! Caliban, The Tempest I:ii (1611) This use survives in some dialects, but not in standard usage. Fewer idioms with study come to mind: study a face: to look closely at a face, as if to memorize its features. study the options: to consider possible solutions to a problem or course of action. be in a brown study: â€Å"A state of mental abstraction or musing; gloomy meditation. The word brown originally described a color so dark as to be almost black. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†55 Boxing IdiomsWhat the heck are "learnings"?

The Work and Tools of a Surveyor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Work and Tools of a Surveyor - Essay Example This very well depicts that the area is a hot spot and opening a shop in this locality can be an added benefit. Since the proximity to upper parliament and market square is quite close, there is no doubt about the potentiality of the location. The construction of external walls is of bricks and concrete and roof is of concrete alone. The appeal of the building is unconventional and as a result reflects an element of antiquity to the outsiders. The window frames look fragile and not well maintained with defective glass panes. The interiors of the building was checked thoroughly in order to have an analysis of the defects in construction .This would help in understanding the short comings which could negatively affect the potentiality of the property and can give rise to excessive expenditure in future. Even though some areas were not accessible to be inspected .Apart from roofs to which access was not possible, the inspection took place from basement to second floor. The ladder was used for some areas in the ceilings in the look out for defects. At the time of evaluating the property was not occupied and was semi –furnished with well maintained carpets. The building is not in a very good condition and looks not maintained well. The doors have become weak and flooring needs to be refurbished. Ceilings are moderately in good form and skirting of the wall made of timber need some varnishing. The exterior of the building needs to be painted in order to retain a novelty appearance. The windows frame joints needs some finishing as the joints are visible. The window pane needs to be painted as its is fading and wood is detoriating and ageing. The lintel of the first floor main door is corroding and this can happen to other doors as well. The windows are single glazed and could be changed to double glazed if the expense allow. Some of the wood works are in poor condition and the mastics showing around the frame are shrinking. Bathrooms

Report on Representation of Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on Representation of Slavery - Essay Example Baltimore was not a major fighting point during the civil war but played a strategic role because of its position. All troops and movement of men and material need to flow through Maryland to reach the war fronts of the south. Fort McHenry was the prison for the supporters of the secession during this period. However, Fort McHenry played a significant role during the fight with the British in 1812. There is also evidence of Afro-American descendants fighting for America. Fort McHenry and Hampton are about 10 miles from one another. The visit to Hampton which is off the north bound Dulaney Valley Road and into the Hampton lane for about a mile down, is interest kindling and relates the social history and life of the people during that period. Whereas, Fort McHenry relates us to the times of war and power play that makes to the history books. While one is a symbol of life, the other is a symbol of victory over aggression and the victory of equality of human beings. Private William Williams was the first black to get into the exclusive only white US Army in 1812. Fort McHenry represents the day of equality for the first time in the history of US. A run-away slave, was made a private and was paid the regular private bounty of $50 along with private wages of $8 per month. The equality that this action represents in the history of America actually marks the beginning of America, less than fifty years of declared independence of America. Subjugation of weaker men in earlier world was common. Slaves are found all over the world from Africa to America; from the east to the west. This action is one of the earliest major steps taken towards equality of man kind in line. Fort McHenry represents this in their short movie and also later in the picture galleries when art and written information about William Williams is presented for posterity. While this was the case with Fort McHenry, Hampton on the other hand represents the other side of slavery. Human beings were literally put in ghettos which were called living quarters. And men had little or no liberty except to work for their masters under their supervision. The committed working of the African slaves in Hampton was reflected in the well being of their master. "The General's lands are very well cultivatedhis cattle, sheep, horses, etc., of a superior sort, and in much finer condition than many I saw in America. He is very famous for race horses and usually keeps three or four such horses in training, and what enables him to do this is that he owns very extensive iron works, or otherwise he could not." - English Visitor Richard Parkinson, 1805 A display in Hampton read the above message. Now this implied that the workers and slaves in Hampton slogged it out very well and were impressive craftsmen. There were men and women who could make sure that their lands turned fertile and they were also good enough to work on the iron works and turn out the best equipments for the General. While checking with the curator, she also concurred that

A Tour to History Colorado Center Research Paper

A Tour to History Colorado Center - Research Paper Example From this study it is clear that  Ancient Puebbloan people domesticated turkey for a number of reasons. One of the reasons was it was rich source of protein that could replaces the decreasing number of deers who also proved very difficult to hunt and they were also over hunted hence their reduction in population. Archeologists have found remains of turkey in pens together with their gizzards stones, eggshell in large number and these have been collected and brought into o the center.   Within the center you would come across heals damages of turkey preserved in the center and this also support mass hunting of turkey by ancient Puebloan people.  This discussion stresses that  various artifacts such as needles, neck less which shows how creative the first Puebloan of Mesa Verde area in Colorado was in designing their tools from hallow bones which they used in making blankets from turkey feathers. Dust Bowl. This shows how man has learnt how to survive in very challenging enviro nment. The tour to the center also reflected how economical and less demanding it was to keep turkey because they consume approximately half a pound of maize grains daily and some small insects which could be found in the natural environment. This encounter therefore would be very useful to entrepreneurs who don’t have huge capital but are interesting in engaging in farming activities.  Certain cultural orientations may be grounded on straight traditions.

A Critical Analysis Of Techno Change Information Technology Essay

A Critical Analysis Of Techno Change Information Technology Essay This report offers a critical analysis of the article A Techno-cultural Emergence Perspective on the Management of Techno-change written by Stephen Jackson and George Philip. The principal purpose of this analysis is to identify and criticise the original contribution of the authors in the study, to discover any deficiencies in the proposed perspective, to propose any improvements and to look for any future research in this field. A brief overview is provided at the first. Part II, III and IV outline the definition of techno-change, importance of techno-change and techno-cultural emergence perspective. This is followed by the comment on originality and contributions; adopted research method, its appropriateness and limitations; and theoretical argument made by the study in Part V, VI and VII respectively. Key findings and their implications are provided in Part VIII. Finally, Part IX and X provide the deficiencies of the study and some recommendations for future research in this field. I. ABOUT THE ARTICLE The article in press, A techno-cultural perspective on the management of techno-change, published in the International Journal of Information Management in 2010 by Stephen Jackson and George Philip, explores the function of culture in the management of techno-change or technological change applying Cultural Theory originated from Anthropology as a hypothetical lens. The current three foremost viewpoints on organisation culture in relation to the management of technological changes namely technological determinism, cultural determinism and techno-cultural emergence, have been examined in this paper. The innermost precept of this article as proposed by the authors is that first two of the three approaches the technological determinism which pays less importance on the organisational culture and cultural determinism which provides   few thoughts on the technology would not be appropriately thriving in the technological change management arena; rather the authors put emphasis on the techno-cultural emergence approach in the facilitating contours of hierarchism, individualism/market and egalitarianism that promotes an atmosphere which can effectively manage the technological changes. II. WHAT IS TECHNO-CHANGE? The phrase Techno-change relates to the organisational changes for technological drives and encompasses a wide variety of features that are connected to and have effects for the changes contained by the organisations (Harison and Boonstra, 2009). When organisations adopt pristine technology which usually prompts or necessitates focal organizational changes, we can call it as Techno-change or technological change (Nilsson, 2008). The term Techno-change was first conceived by Markus in Technochange Management: Using IT to drive organisational change in 2004 (Markus, 2004) and from then the term techno-change has been widely applied in the technological and project management field along with various organisational circumstances.   TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM: Technological determinism theory presumes that technological changes will drive cultural changes and social structure as well (Chandler, 2000). According to Chandler (2000), technological determinists usually try to account for nearly the whole thing in relation to technology: a perception is termed as technocentrism. CULTURAL DETERMINISM: Cultural determinism theory assumes that only culture determines our emotional and behavioural level. The supporters of cultural determinism view that culture is restricted, permanent, unitary and immobile over time (Jackson and Philip, 2005). III. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNO-CHANGE Now-a-days, techno-change is a critical incident and it is getting highly equal attention from both the profit and non-profit organisations (Harison and Boonstra, 2009). As innovations have been deluging in all aspects of businesses for the last couple of decades, the increasing introduction and implementation of large-scale information systems like the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) or Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems in business firms as well as higher education providing institutions have become a common phenomena (Chae and Lanzara, 2006; Harison and Boonstra, 2009). Although these wide spread applications of techno-changes, industry data revel that techno-change has high propensity to failure (Chae and Lanzara, 2006). A recent study by the Computer Associates (CA) in 2007 in the UK and Ireland reveals cheap visibility about the importance of IT projects and less management control over the project are costing more than  £256 million in the UK every year and one third of all the projects run-over of their actual budget by 10% 20% (CA, 2007). The KPMG (2005) survey of 600 organisations in twenty-two countries show approximately 50% of the participants experience at least one project failure in 2004 whereas KPMGs 2003 survey reveals 57% of the respondents had one or more IT projects failure in 2002 (KMGP, 2005) The Robbins-Gioia Survey in 2001 also states that 51% ERP implementations are unsuccessful (Basu, 2001). According to IT Cortex (available online: http://www.it-cortex.com/Stat_Failure_Rate.htm), the Conference Board Survey in 2001 also does not show happy results as only 34% ERP implementations are successful, 58% are moderate successful and 8% implementations are totally unsuccessful. The Chaos Report (1995) conducted by the Standish Group shows 31.1% IT projects are cancelled prior to their completion and 52.7% projects over run their original costs by 189%. The money spent on these collapses and overruns simply could be the apex of well-known iceberg. The gone opportunity cost could not be quantifiable but believed to be more than trillions of dollars in the USA only. According to the report, more than $250 billion are spent in the USA every year on nearly 175,000 IT based projects.   The above surveys outcomes substantiate that neglecting techno-change can cost considerable amount of money in terms of wastage and business failure.   IV. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNO-CULTURAL EMERGENCE PERSPECTIVE The authors have proposed to employ and create a new perspective the techno-cultural emergence perspective to manage the techno-change. What are the logic and influences behind this new perspective? According to Yates (2006), this emergent change is unanticipated and could be viewed as an opportunity rather than merely a hazard against the project. Equipped with resources, the actors could underpin and/or make way for the emergent change. The advantages and importance of this perspective is that it recognizes the unavoidability of unforeseen emergent and improvisation and admits those as possible optimistic events rather than a downbeat. As the authority of that project cannot always manage the change over the technology as is planned, they could employ resources to get benefit of the emergent development. The techno-cultural emergence perspective also critically examines the intricate connections among social, technical and interpretative issues that continuously put pressure on organisational contexts (Jackson and Philip, 2005). In their earlier paper which was published in 2005, these two authors argued that the techno-cultural emergence perspective incorporates human, social, political factors and the processes of techno-change that are ignored by the other two perspectives. V. ORIGINIALITY AND CONTRIBUTIONS Hereby the critique report has made an attempt to evaluate the originality of the study by comparing other researchers contributions and studies. From the study it is quite apparent that the authors have followed the central theme of Cultural Theory proposed by Douglas (1970). Lots of studies and researches have been conducted in both technological determinism and cultural determinism and it seems none of the approaches are quite successful in the management of techno-change. The third approach, the techno-cultural emergence, which incorporates both the technology and organisations culture, works in both ways, focuses on the emergency and approaches in the incremental line for the change, has got very little attention and understanding from the researchers. The authors made an attempt to solve this problem incorporating Cultural Theorys three cosmologies enabling forms (hierarchism, egalitarianism and individualism/market) in the techno-cultural emergence perspective. As organisation s culture is complex, ambiguous and authoritative in nature (Heilpern and Nadler, 1992), it has become difficult to implement techno-change easily and the authors have argued that enabling forms of hierarchism (fosters visionary leadership and coordination), egalitarianism (fosters teamwork, mutual confidence and information sharing) and individualism/market (fosters imagination, motivation and novelty) will be successful in the techno-change management. The authors have made significant novel contribution by proposing the enabling forms of Cultural Theorys three mechanisms for the effective management of techno-change. Other researchers also mention about these three enabling forms of Cultural Theory for intranet, development of culture and inter-firm relations but none of them have proposed for the total management of techno-change by these three enabling forms. For example, Ruppel and Harrington (2001) mention that flexibility and novelty (individualism/market); faith and interest for colleagues (egalitarianism); and strategies and knowledge management (hierarchism) will optimize intranet implementation (techno-change). Hendriks (1999) argues the elimination of fatalism for the development of culture in the organisations. Adler (2001) also shows three enabling mechanisms of Cultural Theory market/price, hierarchy/authority, and community/trust will improve inter-organisations relationship. VI. RESEARCH METHOD, APPROPRIATENESS AND LIMITATIONS The authors have implemented Case Study and Multiple Methods, a part of Qualitative research method, for proposing the techno-change management by techno-cultural emergence perspective in the facilitating modes of hierarchism, egalitarianism and individualism/market.   According to Yin (1994, p 20), a case study research should have the following components: Æ’ËÅ"   Development of research questions Æ’ËÅ"   Development of propositions, if any Æ’ËÅ"   Analysis Æ’ËÅ"   The rationale connecting the data to the propositions Æ’ËÅ"   The decisive factors for interpreting the findings. The main research question was how does Cultural Theory offer a novel insight for better consideration of techno-change and its successful management? Beside this, the authors raised another question which perspective(s)/cosmology(ies) would be suitable for proper management of techno-change. The authors developed a fourth proposition. The authors collected coded, constructed theories and conducted analysis through the use of multiple methods and software package (HyperResearch2.6).  Ã‚   As technological determinism (Case study A) and cultural determinism (Case study B) did not achieve the expected changes; were unsuccessful in context of change outcomes; did not respond to the unanticipated improvisations to the technology and did not address properly to the unanticipated cultural issues arose from the techno-changes as opposed to the techno-cultural determinism (Case study C), the authors built their rationale for the fourth proposition on the basis of these comparisons. The decisive factors were enabling forms of Cultural Theory, namely hierarchism, egalitarianism, and individual/market as proposed by Douglas (1970) for successful management of techno-change. Stake (1995) and Yin (1994) recognized six bases for substantiation in the case study research method as illustrated in Tellis (1997) and these are: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Documents (internal documents were analysed) b.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Archival records (company literature were analysed) c.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviews (total 46 interviews were conducted) d.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Direct inspection (Golds [1969] method was applied) e.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Users inspection (Golds [1969] method was followed) f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical artefacts (company blueprints were analysed) The above discussion confirms the appropriateness of Case Study research method for this study. Overall, this type of research method has proved well-matched with the proposal as it provides the end to end analysis of the problem discussed and other researchers like Myers (1997) also supported case study research method in the IS field. However, there could be some limitations also recognised in this study. It seems the authors have applied Grounded Theory (Myers, 1997) which examined the initial evolution of cultural issues in the three different cases. A stage approach applying longitudinal or ethnographic method could be more useful in this type of research as both the methods examine the events and proceedings at every stage of techno-change life-cycle. As the project implementation periods were very lengthy in all the three cases, biasness of the participants could be a limitation in this study, which provided difficulties for the interviewees to recall the experiences throughout the project implementation period. Other researchers such as Orlikowski (1991) and Preston (1991) also support the use of ethnographic method in the IS field as illustrated in Myers (1997). VII. THEORETICAL ARGUMENT The authors proposed a techno-cultural emergence perspective to understand techno-change management, moving away from technological and cultural deterministic views of change, through the enabling forms of Cultural Theory proposed by Douglas (1970). According to Cultural Theory, individuals social situation can be identified by two principal dimensions grid and group, ultimately produce four means of life (cosmology). The cosmologies are: fatalism, hierarchism, individualism/market and egalitarianism. Each way of life possesses facilitating/enabling and or constraining/impeding characteristics. Fatalism produces apathy and fear, thus, it is regarded as constraining form in the techno-change management. The enabling form of hierarchism inspires leadership and coordination; individualism/market inspires creativity, motivation and inventiveness; and egalitarianism inspires teamwork, confidence and information sharing. The authors in this study make a theoretical argument that because o f technological determinisms negligence in organisational culture and cultural determinisms negligence in technology, these three cosmologies enabling forms will lead to successful management of techno-change. The authors claim that change should be viewed as continuous and emergent rather than planned and managers should take their endeavour to lessen constraining cultural attributes and construct such environment that will promote the enabling forms and as a result techno-change management can be done successfully. No research substantiation for this claim is clearly apparent in the study. VIII. THE KEY FINDINGS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS Several important findings can be obtained from this study.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A new perspective: Management should not follow top-down technological or cultural driven method for the successful implementation and management of techno-change. As an alternative, the authors proposed an incremental/evolutionary style along with continuous adjustments and improvements in culture and technology will lead successful techno-change management. Stakeholders in techno-change should keep in mind that change is an ongoing process and it is made up of uncertain, questionable and unavoidable issues of both the technology and culture. In terms of implications, this new strategy might be quite successful as both the technological and cultural determinism approaches have proved unsuccessful in the techno-change. This strategy might get higher success rate in the successful implementation of ERP which aims to get visibility on inventories around the world or placing one face to the customer (Markus, 2004, p 14), on BPR (Business Process Redesign) or on various innovative and contemporary measurements and amendments in organisation structures. This strategy might be implemented in Supply Chain Management (SCM) as well which aims to address on the different productions and deliveries schedules, greater information sharing within the associated organisations and the ways of procurements.   Ã‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More attention on techno-change process: Much concentration is needed in the field of software vendor and contract; training and encouragement of participation of the users; data transfer; interface development, system testing and coverage. In terms of implications, addressing these issues during the techno-change management process is vital. According to Markus (2004), although the management might know the need of a new system but might not be aware of huge variations between systems of the similar type recommended by various software vendors as well as the amount of flexibility around the softwares applications. She argues this superior awareness of the options will lead to successful techno-change. Sometimes, the management might decide to save money on software testing which can result buggy software, or on training of users which could result incompetent users who commit higher mistakes.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cultural issues: Organisations cultural issues must not be overlooked during the techno-change process. Constricting cultural cosmology must be minimised whereas facilitating cosmologies must be promoted within the organisations culture. Markus (2004) argues that every techno-change brings out probable provocation from human reaction which we term as resistance to change and any difference between the techno-change and organisations culture brings out conflict and chips in to resistance. She claims, because of their view to the devotion to the patients care, doctors and nurses usually resent those techno-changes which bring greater organizational competences. Individuals who like to work on their own might resent to the techno-changes which provide greater teamwork facilities. Markus (2004) also illustrates two national cultural misfits in the techno-change as well because of lacking in map culture, geographical information system (GIS) is not greatly used in India whereas ERP system is rarely used in China because managers have little confidence in their subordinates regarding the access in the business data. So managers should promote coordination among users (hierarchism); teamwork and confidence among users (ega litarianism); and inventiveness, motivation and creativity (individualism/market) whereas managers should try to minimise any apathy and fear to techno-change (fatalism). IX. DEFECIENCIES IN THE STUDY 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors proposed perspective is totally based on Douglass (1970) Cultural Theory which is not away from criticisms as well. According to Caulkins (1999), the first drawback is the outline of this theory has not been done through comprehensive cross-cultural testing. He also proposed for further testing of this group-grid framework. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the study, it appears techno-change and IT projects are the same although there is substantial difference in between these two processes. According to Markus (2004) IT projects aim to improve technical performances whereas techno-change heavily affects the users such as people, process and organisation performance. She also argues that although both IT projects and techno-changes heavily rely on IT but IT projects bring organisations success through improved functionality, reliability and cost of technology with no considerable amendments in the organisations operations whereas techno-changes generally improve organisations outcome measurements considerably like the process efficiency and cycle time. The authors did not distinguish techno-changes and IT projects in the study. 3.  Ã‚   There is no cross-case analysis for the same private sector enterprises. For example, the authors could select a retail business to compare with the business/technology solution provider. A further cross-case analysis could be done for public sector by including and analysing a health care service provider and a government organisation. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case study research method is a multi-perspective analysis method (Tellis, 1997) which means the study does not count just the voice and perspectives of the actors but also needs to consider various relevant groups of actors and the relations among them. The cases in this study only considered actors within the organisations but ignored the external stake-holders and users like the students, customers and investors. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The proposition is not tested on different sectors like the NGOs and not-for-profit organisations. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The proposition is not tested on different countries culture as well. We cant get any idea in which country/location this study was conducted. Different countries have different cultures and cultures vary for the locations as well, the disclosure of location/country of the study would provide some idea about the perception and successful management of techno-change in the same geographic location. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Insufficient information can lead inappropriate implications. For example, we can find none of the cases in this study reveal the actual cost or the total cost of the techno-change. As cost is a major consideration for implementing IS project or techno-change, the information on cost for the organisations could provide insight for other similar types of organisations. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social, economic and environmental factors have not been analysed in the cases. None of the cases shows the social advantages, benefits or disadvantages of the employees/users for a techno-change. Economic benefits of the organisations have not been discussed. Every techno-change has impacts on its surrounding environment and that has not been mentioned anywhere in the study. A classic example was illustrated by Markus (2004) for Cigna. The firm launched its new CRM for the cost of $1 billion which ultimately laid off its customer service personnel department but the new system at the end could not handle 3.5 million customers complaints and eventually Cignas share price fell significantly. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors have not outlined how to implement emergence perspective throughout the organisations and the factors are needed to be considered while implementing it. The authors also have not mentioned how the organisations can create, support, maintain and promote the enabling forms and how organisations can avoid and discourage the constraining form.   11. The authors have not critically analysed the role of IT specialists and other internal staff specialists like the industrial engineering and strategic planners as they play vital roles in the implementation of techno-change (Markus, 2004). Besides the performances of organisational managers, internal and external change consultants and technology performances have not critically analysed in the study. The techno-change life cycle chartering, the IT project, start-up and shakedown (Markus, 2004) of the described three cases has not been properly stated as well. 12. According to the authors, an individuals membership in the cosmologies is not fixed or permanent and it is dynamic in nature. Our concern is possessing three cosmologies at the same time for an individual cannot it create confusion, conflict and overlapping situations in the individuals which might impede the process of techno-change? X. RECOMMENDATIONS Action Research could be applied instead of Case Study research method as it is now attracting more attention for researchers (Myers, 1997). Although action research is generally ignored in information systems aside from some notable experiments, for example, Checkland (1991) as illustrated in Myers (1997). Ethnographic research could be applied as it puts emphasis on social and cultural context. As ethnographic research encompasses a greater area including the study of the development of IS to the study features of IT management, multiple perspectives can be incorporated and has widely been used in the study of information systems (Myers, 1997), this type of research would be more accurate for the investigation and management of techno-change. Cross-case analysis can be applied. This type of technique examines pairs of cases, categorizes resemblances and dissimilarities in each pair which will lead to a certain type of pattern which may provide specific support or evidence in the case studies (Tellis, 1997). Although this study compared only one pair of public enterprises, it ignored other cross-case analysis in the private sector. Time and distance effects should be reduced as both of them affect the techno-change management (Markus, 2004). If we look at the Case B where TI/IS implementation time was 5 years (2001 2006) whereas Case A and C both took 2 years. This long period of implementation time could affect the users and members of IT/IS adversely where they may feel distant from the organisations and the ongoing operations of the organisations which might put question on the success of the techno-change. XI. REFERENCES Adler, P. S., 2001, Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism, Organization Science, Volume 12, No. 2, Available online: http://orgsci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/215 Basu, I., 2001, ERP implementation failures and the Philosophers Stone, Available online: http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20071105/management04.shtml Caulkins, D., 1999, Is Mary Douglass Grid/Group Analysis Useful for Cross-Cultural Research? 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